①Usayizi omncane nosayizi wangempela
A, Usayizi wokuzisholo: ungusayizi wegama olawulwa ezingeni, futhi ungusayizi ofanele olindelwe umsebenzisi nomkhiqizi, futhi ungusayizi o-oda okhonjiswe kunkontileka.
B, Usayizi wangempela: uwusayizi wangempela otholwe ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, futhi lo sayizi uvamise ukuba mkhulu noma ube mncane kunosayizi wegama. Izenzakalo zibizwa ngokuthi ukuchezuka.
②Ukuchezuka nokubekezelelana
A, Ukuchezuka: ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, njengoba usayizi wangempela kunzima ukufeza izidingo zosayizi okuzisholo, okungukuthi. usayizi wangempela uvame ukuba mkhulu noma mncane kunosayizi ovamile, umehluko ovumelekile phakathi kosayizi wangempela kanye nosayizi wegama. Umehluko omuhle ubizwa nge-positive deviation, kanti umehluko ongemuhle ubizwa ngokuthi ukuchezuka okunegethivu.
B, Ukubekezelelana: isamba senani lamanani aphelele wokuchezuka okuhle nokuchezuka okunegethivu okulawulwa kuzinga kubizwa ngokuthi ukubekezelelana, okubuye kubizwe ngokuthi “indawo yokubekezelelana”.
③Ubude bokulethwa
Ubude bokulethwa bubizwa nangokuthi ubude obudingekayo bomsebenzisi noma ubude benkontileka. Ngokwezinga, kunemithetho eminingana yobude bokulethwa ezingeni, njengokulandelayo:
A, Ubude obujwayelekile (obubuye bubizwe ngobude obungahleliwe): ubude obungaphakathi kwebanga lobude obulawulwa ngendlela evamile futhi ngaphandle kwezidingo zobude obumisiwe bubizwa ngokuthi ubude obuvamile. Isibonelo, kulawulwa esilinganisweni se-tube yesakhiwo ukuthi: ubude obuvamile be-hot roll rolled (extruded, enwetshiwe) yi-3000 mm -12000mm; kuyilapho ubude obuvamile beshubhu lensimbi elidonswa ngokubanda (eligoqiwe) lingu-2000 mm-10500mm.
B, Ubude bokusika: ubude bokusika buvame ukuba phakathi kwebanga lobude obuvamile, futhi buwusayizi othile wobude obumisiwe obudingekayo kwinkontileka. Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukusika ubude obuphelele bokusika njalo ekusebenzeni kwangempela, ngaleyo ndlela ukuchezuka okuvumelekile okuvumelekile kobude bokusika kulawulwa ezingeni.
Thatha ishubhu lesakhiwo njengesibonelo:
Izinga lomkhiqizo oqediwe weshubhu lokusika-ubude liphansi kakhulu kuneshubhu yobude obuvamile, ngakho-ke isicelo sokwenyuka kwentengo esikhishwe umenzi sinengqondo. Amazinga okunyusa amanani ebhizinisi ngalinye awafani; ngokuvamile, intengo inganyuswa ngo-10% ngesisekelo samanani ayisisekelo.
C, Ubude obuphindwe kabili: ubude obuphindwe kabili kufanele bube phakathi kwebanga lobude obuvamile ngokuvamile, ubude obuphindwe kabili bomuntu ngamunye kanye nokuphindaphinda kokubhala ubude obuphelele kufanele kuboniswe kunkontileka (isibonelo, 3000 mm × 3, okungukuthi kathathu ka-3000 mm. , ngobude obuphelele obungu-9000mm). Emsebenzini wangempela, ukuchezuka okuvumelekile okuvunyelwe okungu-20mm kufanele kwengezwe kubude obuphelele, kanye nomkhawulo wokusika wobude obuphindwe kabili ngakunye. Thatha ithubhu yesakhiwo njengesibonelo, umkhawulo wokusika odingekayo ngu-5 - 10mm weshubhu yensimbi enobubanzi ≤159mm; I-10-15mm yeshubhu lensimbi elinobubanzi ＞159mm.
Uma ingekho imithethonqubo ezingeni, ukuchezuka kobude obuphindwe kabili kanye nemajini yokusika kufanele kuxoxiswene ngayo yibo bobabili umphakeli nomthengi futhi kukhonjiswe kunkontileka. Okufanayo nobude obunqunyiwe, ubude obuphindwe kabili bunganciphisa izinga lomkhiqizo oqediwe webhizinisi kakhulu, ngakho-ke isicelo sokwenyuka kwentengo esilethwe umenzi sinengqondo, futhi izinga lokukhuphuka kwentengo liyafana nenani elikhuphukayo lobude obunqunyiwe.
D, Ubude bebanga: ubude bebanga ngokuvamile bungaphakathi kwebanga lobude obuvamile; esimeni lapho umsebenzisi edinga ubude ebangeni lobude obugxilile, kufanele kuboniswe kunkontileka. Isibonelo: ubude obujwayelekile bungu-3,000-12000mm, kanti ubude obunqunyiwe bungu-6000-8000mm noma 8000 ~ 10000mm.
Kungase kubonakale ukuthi, izidingo zobude bebanga zilula kunobude obunqunyiwe nobude obuphindwe kabili, kodwa ziqinile kunobude obuvamile kakhulu, futhi zinganciphisa izinga lomkhiqizo oqediwe wamabhizinisi. Ngakho-ke, isicelo sokukhuphuka kwentengo esikhishwe umenzi sinengqondo; ngokuvamile, intengo inganyuswa cishe ngo-4% ngesisekelo samanani ayisisekelo.
④Ukujiya kodonga okungalingani
Ugqinsi lwamashubhu ensimbi alunakwenzeka ukuba lufane, ukushuba kodonga olungalingani kungase kube khona esiqeshini esiphambanayo kanye neshubhu longitudinal ngendlela eqondile, okungukuthi. ukujiya okungalingani. Ukulawula lesi simo esingalingani, izinkomba ezivumelekile ze-thicin engalingani izinga leshubhu lensimbi; ngokuvamile, ilawulwa ukuthi ingeqi ku-80% wokubekezelela ukushuba kodonga (okufanele kube yi-imkness kulawulwa kugcwaliswe ngemuva kwezingxoxo phakathi kokuhlinzeka nomthengi).
⑤I-ellipality
Ububanzi bangaphandle bengxenye yesiphambano seshubhu yensimbi eyindilinga bungase bulingane, okungukuthi ububanzi obuphezulu bangaphandle futhi ububanzi obuncane obungaphandle bungase bungabi yi-perpendicular komunye nomunye, umehluko phakathi kobubanzi obuphezulu bangaphandle kanye nobubanzi obuncane obungaphandle buyi-elliptical (noma i-non-round degree). Ukuze ulawule i-ellipality, izinkomba ezivumelekile ze-ellipality zilawulwa kwezinye izinga le-tube yensimbi; ngokuvamile, ilawulwa ukuthi ingadluli ama-80% wokubekezelela ububanzi bangaphandle (okufanele kusetshenziswe ngemva kokuxoxisana phakathi kokuhlinzeka nomthengi).
⑥Ijika
Ishubhu yensimbi i-curvilinear eduze kobude, futhi idigri yokugoba ekhonjiswe ngezibalo ibizwa ngokuthi i-curvature. I-curvature elawulwa ezingeni ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili kanje:
A, Ijika lasendaweni: irula eyimitha elingu-1 ingasetshenziswa ukukala ubude bechord (mm) endaweni yokugoba enkulu, isb. inani le-curvature yendawo, iyunithi yayo ingu-mm/m, isibonelo: 2.5 mm / m. Indlela iphinde isetshenziswe ekugobeni kwe-tube end.
B, Ukugoba sekukonke kobude obuphelele: qinisa intambo nhlangothi zombili zeshubhu ukuze ulinganise ukuphakama kwe-chord (mm) yendawo egobayo yeshubhu lensimbi, bese uyiguqulela kuphesenti lobude (m), lokho iwukugoba okuphelele ngakundlela yobude beshubhu lensimbi.
Isibonelo: ubude beshubhu lensimbi buyi-8m, futhi ukuphakama kwe-chord esiphezulu kukalwa njengo-30mm, ngaleyo ndlela ukugoba okuphelele kweshubhu kufanele kube:
0.03÷8m×100%=0.375%
⑦ Usayizi udlule
Usayizi oweqile nawo ungabizwa njengokuchezuka okuvumelekile kosayizi odlula izinga. Lapha "usayizi" ngokuyinhloko ubhekisela kububanzi obungaphandle nobukhulu bodonga lwethubhu yensimbi. Ngokuvamile, othile ubiza usayizi udlule ngokuthi "ukubekezelelana kudlula", kodwa le ndlela yokulinganisa ukuphambuka ekubekezeleni ayinamandla, futhi kufanele ibizwe ngokuthi "ukuphambuka kudlule". Lapha ukuchezuka kungase kube “okuhle” noma “okubi”, ukuchezuka “okuhle” kanye nokuchezuka “okubi” akulula neze ukweqa izinga ngesikhathi esisodwa eqeqebeni elifanayo leshubhu lensimbi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-16-2018
