I-Beijing ilungiselela ukusebenzisa ukubusa kwayo komhlaba ongavamile ukubuyisela emuva empini yayo yokuhweba ejulile neWashington.
Imibiko eminingi yabezindaba yaseShayina ngoLwesithathu, okuhlanganisa nesihloko somhleli ephephandabeni elihamba phambili leQembu LamaKhomanisi, iphakamise ithemba lokuthi iBeijing inciphise ukuthunyelwa kwempahla ebaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezokuvikela, amandla, ugesi kanye nezimoto.
Umkhiqizi omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni, i-China inikeza cishe u-80% wezinto ezithengwa e-US zomhlaba ezingavamile, ezisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni eziningi ezihlanganisa ama-smartphone, izimoto zikagesi nezinjini zomoya. Futhi iningi lemihlaba engavamile embiwa ngaphandle kwaseChina isaphelela lapho ukuze icutshungulwe - ngisho nemayini yodwa yase-US eMountain Pass eCalifornia ithumela izinto zayo esizweni.
UMnyango Wezokuvikela ubala cishe u-1% wesamba esisetshenziswa e-US somhlaba ongavamile, ngokusho kombiko wango-2016 ovela eHhovisi Likahulumeni Lase-US. Noma kunjalo, “imihlaba engavamile ibalulekile ekukhiqizweni, ekusimamisweni nasekusebenzeni kwezikhali zempi zase-US. Ukufinyelela okuthembekile ezintweni ezidingekayo, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ingakanani izinga lesidingo sezokuvikela, kuyisidingo esiyisisekelo se-DOD,” kusho i-GAO embikweni.
Umhlaba ongavamile usuvele uvele embangweni wezohwebo. Izwe lase-Asia linyuse amanani entengo afinyelela ku-25% asuka ku-10% ezimpahla ezivela kwamanye amazwe ezivela kumkhiqizi oyedwa waseMelika, kuyilapho i-US ingazibandakanyi lezi zakhi ohlwini lwayo lwentela engase ibe khona yezimpahla zaseShayina ezingabiza amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-300 okufanele ziqondiswe ekulandeleni izinyathelo zayo ezilandelayo.
"I-China kanye nomhlaba ongavamile kufana ne-France newayini - i-France izokudayisela ibhodlela lewayini, kodwa ayifuni ngempela ukukudayisela amagilebhisi," kusho u-Dudley Kingsnorth, umeluleki wemboni kanye nomqondisi omkhulu ezinze ePerth. I-Industrial Minerals Co. yase-Australia.
Isu lihloselwe ukukhuthaza abasebenzisi bokugcina abafana ne-Apple Inc., iGeneral Motors Co. neToyota Motor Corp. ukuthi bengeze umthamo wokukhiqiza e-China. Kusho futhi ukuthi usongo lweBeijing lokusebenzisa amandla ayo omhlaba ongavamile lusongela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu embonini yase-US, ngabakhiqizi ababulawa yindlala bezinto ezivamile ezintweni ezihlanganisa izimoto kanye nemishini yokugeza izitsha. Kuwukuklinywa okungathatha iminyaka ukugqashuka.
"Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinye izinto ezitholakalayo zomhlaba eziyivelakancane akuyona into engenzeka ngokuphazima kweso," kusho uGeorge Bauk, isikhulu esiphezulu se-Northern Minerals Ltd., ekhiqiza i-rare earths carbonate, umkhiqizo wokuqala, ovela esitshalweni sokuhlola eNtshonalanga Australia. "Kuzoba nesikhathi esifushane sokuthuthukiswa kwanoma yimaphi amaphrojekthi amasha."
Indiza ngayinye yase-US F-35 Lightning II - ethathwa njengenye yezindiza zokulwa eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezilawulekayo nezicashile - idinga cishe amakhilogremu angu-920 wezinto ezingavamile, ngokombiko wango-2013 ovela ku-US Congressional Research Service. Iwuhlelo lwezikhali olubiza kakhulu lwePentagon kanye nempi yokuqala eklanyelwe ukusiza amagatsha amathathu ezempi yase-US.
Imihlaba eyivelakancane ehlanganisa i-yttrium ne-terbium isetshenziselwa ukukhomba nge-laser nezikhali ezimotweni ze-Future Combat Systems, ngokombiko we-Congressional Research Service. Okunye ukusetshenziswa okwezimoto zokulwa ze-Stryker armored, Predator drones kanye nemicibisholo ye-Tomahawk cruise.
Usongo lokusebenzisa izikhali lunyusa ukungezwani phakathi kweminotho emibili emikhulu emhlabeni ngaphambi komhlangano olindelwe phakathi kukaMongameli uXi Jinping noDonald Trump emhlanganweni we-G-20 ngenyanga ezayo. Ikhombisa ukuthi i-China ikala kanjani izinketho zayo ngemuva kokuthi i-US ifake ohlwini lwabavinjelwe iHuawei Technologies Co., inqamule ukunikezwa kwezakhi zaseMelika ezidingayo ukwenza ama-smartphones ayo namagiya enethiwekhi.
"I-China, njengomkhiqizi ohamba phambili womhlaba ongavamile, ibonise esikhathini esidlule ukuthi ingasebenzisa umhlaba ongavamile njengendlela yokuxoxisana uma kuziwa ezingxoxweni zamazwe ngamazwe," kusho u-Bauk.
Isibonelo lapho iBeijing yagcina khona ukusebenzisa umhlaba ongavamile njengesikhali sezombusazwe. Ngo-2010, ivimbe ukuthunyelwa kwempahla eJapan ngemuva kwengxabano yezasolwandle, kwathi ngenkathi ukunyuka kwamanani entengo kwabona isiphithiphithi sokuvikela izimpahla kwenye indawo - kanye necala elalethwa eNhlanganweni Yezohwebo Yomhlaba - cishe eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva izwe lisesesemhlabeni. umphakeli ovelele.
Ayikho into efana nemoto ethengiswa e-US noma eyenziwe e-US engenawo amamotho kazibuthe ahlala emhlabeni angajwayelekile endaweni ethile ekuhlanganiseni kwayo.
I-US akufanele ibukele phansi amandla eChina okulwa nempi yezohwebo, kusho iPeople's Daily esihlokweni sangoLwesithathu esisebenzise ulimi olubalulekile emlandweni mayelana nesisindo senhloso yeChina.
Ukuphawula kwaleli phephandaba kuhlanganisa nenkulumo yesiShayina eyivelakancane esho ukuthi “ungasho ukuthi angikuxwayisanga.” Amagama aqondile asetshenziswa yileli phepha ngo-1962 ngaphambi kokuba iChina iye empini neNdiya, futhi “labo abajwayelene nolimi lwaseShayina lokusebenzela uhulumeni bayasazi isisindo salo mbhalo,” iphephandaba i-Global Times, elihlangene neQembu LamaKhomanisi, lisho esihlokweni. ngo-April. Yasetshenziswa futhi ngaphambi kokuthi kuqubuke ukungqubuzana phakathi kweChina neVietnam ngo-1979.
Emhlabeni ongavamile ikakhulukazi, i-People's Daily ithe akunzima ukuphendula umbuzo wokuthi i-China izosebenzisa izakhi njengendlela yokuziphindiselela empini yezohwebo. Ukuhlelwa kwe-Global Times kanye ne-Shanghai Securities News kuthathe izinyathelo ezifanayo ezinhlelweni zabo zangoLwesithathu.
I-China ingase idale umonakalo omkhulu ngokucindezela izinto ezitholakala ngozibuthe nezinjini ezisebenzisa izakhi, kusho uJack Lifton, umsunguli we-Technology Metals Research LLC, obelokhu ehileleka emhlabeni ongavamile kusukela ngo-1962. Umphumela embonini yaseMelika ungase “ube mkhulu, ” esho.
Isibonelo, izibuthe ezihlala njalo ezingavamile emhlabeni zisetshenziswa kumamotho amancane noma amajeneretha ezobuchwepheshe eziningi, manje ezitholakala yonke indawo. Emotweni, bavumela ama-wiper windshield, amawindi kagesi nesiteringi sikagesi ukuthi kusebenze. Futhi i-China yenza cishe u-95% womkhiqizo womhlaba, ngokusho kwe-Industrial Minerals Co.
"Ayikho into efana nemoto ethengiswa e-US noma eyenziwe e-US engenawo amamotho kazibuthe ahlala emhlabeni angajwayelekile endaweni ethile emhlanganweni wayo," kusho uLifton. “Kungaba nomthelela omkhulu embonini yezimpahla ezithengwayo nasembonini yezimoto. Lokho kusho imishini yokuwasha, imishini yokuhlanza, izimoto. Uhlu alupheli.”
Iqoqo lezinto eziyi-17, ezihlanganisa i-neodymium, esetshenziswa kozibuthe, kanye ne-ytrrium yezinto zikagesi, empeleni kuningi kakhulu oqweqweni Lomhlaba, kodwa ukugxila okumbiwa phansi akuvamile kunamanye ama-ore. Mayelana nokucutshungulwa, umthamo weChina usuvele umayelana nesidingo esiphindwe kabili esikhona emhlabeni wonke, kusho uKingsnorth, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ezinkampanini zakwamanye amazwe ukuthi zingene futhi ziqhudelane echungechungeni lokuhlinzeka.
Imakethe yomhlaba engavamile yaseChina iphethwe abakhiqizi abambalwa abahlanganisa i-China Northern Rare Earth Group, i-Minmetals Rare Earth Co., i-Xiamen Tungsten Co. kanye ne-Chinalco Rare Earth & Metals Co.
Ukubamba kweChina kuqine kangangokuthi i-US yahlangana nezinye izizwe ekuqaleni kwaleli shumi leminyaka ecaleni leNhlangano Yezohwebo Yomhlaba ukuze iphoqe izwe ukuthi lithumele amazwe amaningi phakathi nokushoda komhlaba wonke. I-WTO yathatha isinqumo esivuna iMelika, kuyilapho amanani agcina ehlile njengoba abakhiqizi bephendukela kwezinye izindlela.
NgoZibandlela wezi-2017, uTrump wasayina umyalo wokunciphisa ukuncika kwezwe emithonjeni yangaphandle yezimbiwa ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa nomhlaba ongavamile, okwakuhloswe ngawo ukunciphisa ukuba sengozini kwe-US ekuhlinzekeni ukuphazamiseka. Kepha umakadebona wemboni uLifton uthe lesi sinyathelo ngeke sehlise ubungozi bezwe maduze.
"Ngisho noma uhulumeni waseMelika uthe bazoxhasa ngezimali i-supply chain, kuzothatha iminyaka," kusho yena. “Awukwazi nje ukuthi, 'Ngizokwakha imayini, ngizokwakha imboni yokuhlukanisa, kanye nendawo kazibuthe noma izinsimbi.' Kufanele uwaklame, uwakhe, uwavivinye, futhi lokho akwenzeki ngemizuzu emihlanu.”
I-Cerium: Isetshenziselwa ukunikeza umbala ophuzi engilazini, njenge-catalyst, njengempushana yokupholisha kanye nokwenza amatshe.
I-Praseodymium: Ama-Lasers, ukukhanya kwe-arc, omagnethi, insimbi ye-flint, futhi njengombala wengilazi, ezinsimbi ezinamandla ezitholakala ezinjinini zezindiza kanye netshe letsheza lokuqala imililo.
I-Neodymium: Abanye omazibuthe abaqine kakhulu abakhona; esetshenziselwa ukunikeza umbala o-violet engilazini nasezitsheni zobumba, kuma-lasers, ama-capacitor namadiski emoto kagesi.
I-Promethium: Okuwukuphela kwento engavamile yomhlaba enemisebe yemvelo. Isetshenziswa kupende okhanyayo namabhethri enuzi.
I-Europium: Isetshenziselwa ukulungisa i-phosphors ebomvu neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (amamaki kumanothi e-euro avimbela ukukhwabanisa,) kuma-lasers, ku-fluorescent.
I-Terbium: Isetshenziswa kumaphosphor aluhlaza, omagnethi, amalaser, amalambu e-fluorescent, ama-alloys ama-magnetostrictive kanye nezinhlelo ze-sonar.
I-Ytrrium: Isetshenziswa kumalaser e-yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG), njengephosphor ebomvu, kuma-superconductors, kumashubhu e-fluorescent, kuma-LED nanjengokwelapha umdlavuza.
I-Dysprosium: Ozibuthe bomhlaba abangavamile; ama-laser nokukhanyisa kwezohwebo; ama-hard computer discs nezinye izinto zikagesi; ama-reactors enuzi kanye nezimoto zesimanje, ezonga ugesi
I-Holmium: Ukusetshenziswa kuma-laser, omagnethi, kanye nokulinganisa ama-spectrophotometers kungasetshenziswa kuma-nuclear rods kanye namathuluzi we-microwave.
I-Erbium: Insimbi ye-Vanadium, amalaser e-infrared nama-fiberoptics lasers, okuhlanganisa namanye asetshenziselwa izinjongo zokwelapha.
I-Thulium: Omunye wemihlaba engavamile eningi kakhulu. Isetshenziswa kuma-laser, amalambu ensimbi e-halide kanye nemishini ye-X-ray ephathekayo.
I-Ytterbium: Izicelo zokunakekelwa kwempilo, okuhlanganisa nokwelashwa okuthile komdlavuza; insimbi engagqwali kanye nokuqapha imiphumela yokuzamazama komhlaba, ukuqhuma.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-03-2019
