I-Beijing ilungiselela ukusebenzisa amandla ayo omhlaba onqabileyo ukubuyisela umva kwimfazwe yayo yorhwebo enzulu kunye neWashington.
Uthotho lweengxelo zemithombo yeendaba zaseTshayina ngolwesiThathu, kubandakanywa nomhleli kwiphephandaba leqela lamaKomanisi, liphakamise ithemba lokuba iBeijing inciphise ukuthunyelwa kwempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle kwezinto ezibalulekileyo kukhuseleko, amandla, i-elektroniki kunye necandelo leemoto.
Oyena mvelisi mkhulu wehlabathi, iTshayina ibonelela malunga ne-80% ye-US yokuthengwa kwehlabathi enqabileyo, esetyenziswa kwizicelo ezininzi ezibandakanya ii-smartphones, izithuthi zombane kunye nee-injini zomoya. Kwaye uninzi lomhlaba onqabileyo ombiweyo ngaphandle kweTshayina usaphelela apho ukuze kuqhutyekwe nawo- kwanomgodi kuphela wase-US eMountain Pass eCalifornia uthumela izinto zawo esizweni.
I-akhawunti yeSebe lezoKhuseleko malunga ne-1% ye-US epheleleyo yokusetyenziswa komhlaba onqabileyo, ngokwengxelo ye-2016 evela kwi-Ofisi ye-Accountability Office yase-US. Sekunjalo, “imihlaba enqabileyo ibalulekile ekuvelisweni, ekugcinweni nasekusetyenzisweni kwezixhobo zomkhosi zaseUnited States. Ukufikelela okuthembekileyo kwizinto eziyimfuneko, kungakhathaliseki ukuba inqanaba lilonke lemfuno yokukhusela, liyimfuneko ye-DOD, "kusho i-GAO kwingxelo.
Umhlaba onqabileyo sele ubonisiwe kwingxabano yorhwebo. Ilizwe lase-Asiya linyuse imirhumo ukuya kwi-25% ukusuka kwi-10% kwizinto ezithengiweyo ezivela eMelika kuphela, ngelixa i-US ingazibandakanyi izinto kuluhlu lwayo lweerhafu ezilindelekileyo malunga ne-300 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi zexabiso lempahla yaseTshayina ekujoliswe kuyo kumanyathelo ayo alandelayo.
"I-China kunye nomhlaba onqabileyo ufana neFransi kunye newayini - iFransi iya kukuthengisela ibhotile yewayini, kodwa ayifuni ngokwenene ukukuthengisela iidiliya," utshilo uDudley Kingsnorth, umcebisi weshishini kunye nomlawuli olawulayo osePerth. I-Industrial Minerals Co. yase-Australia.
Isicwangciso senzelwe ukukhuthaza abasebenzisi bokugqibela abafana ne-Apple Inc., iGeneral Motors Co. kunye neToyota Motor Corp. ukongeza umthamo wokuvelisa eChina. Kukwathetha ukuba isoyikiso sikaBeijing sokusebenzisa ulawulo lwayo lwehlabathi elinqabileyo lusongela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kwishishini lase-US, ngabavelisi abalambileyo bezinto eziqhelekileyo kwizinto ezibandakanya iimoto kunye nezitya zokuhlamba izitya. Kukukrwitsha okunokuthatha iminyaka ukuqhawuka.
"Ukuphuhliswa kwezinye izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ayisiyonto enokuthi yenzeke ngobusuku obunye," utshilo uGeorge Bauk, igosa elilawulayo laseNorthern Minerals Ltd., elivelisa umhlaba onqabileyo we-carbonate, imveliso yokuqala, kwisityalo esilingwayo eNtshona Ostreliya. "Kuya kubakho ixesha elisemva lophuhliso lwazo naziphi na iiprojekthi ezintsha."
Inqwelomoya nganye yase-US F-35 Lightning II - ethathwa njengenye yezona nqwelomoya zintsonkothileyo, ezinokulawuleka kunye nezifihlakeleyo zokulwa-ifuna malunga neekhilogram ezingama-920 zezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, ngokutsho kwengxelo ka-2013 evela kwiNkonzo yoPhando yase-US yase-US. Yeyona nkqubo yezixhobo ezibiza kakhulu zePentagon kunye nomlo wokuqala oyilelwe ukukhonza amasebe amathathu omkhosi wase-US.
Umhlaba onqabileyo oquka i-yttrium kunye ne-terbium zisetyenziselwa ukujoliswa kwe-laser kunye nezixhobo kwizithuthi ze-Future Combat Systems, ngokwengxelo ye-Congressional Research Service. Ezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo zezeenqwelo zokulwa ezixhobileyo zeStryker, iidrone zePredator kunye nemijukujelwa yokuhamba ngenqanawa iTomahawk.
Isoyikiso sokusebenzisa izixhobo zobuchule sinyusa ukungavisisani phakathi koqoqosho olukhulu lwehlabathi phambi kwentlanganiso elindelekileyo phakathi kooMongameli uXi Jinping kunye noDonald Trump kwintlanganiso ye-G-20 kwinyanga ezayo. Ibonisa indlela i-China ilinganisela ngayo ukhetho lwayo emva kokuba i-US ifakwe kuluhlu olumnyama lweHuawei Technologies Co., inqumle unikezelo lwezinto zaseMelika ezifunekayo ukwenza ii-smartphones zayo kunye nezixhobo zenethiwekhi.
"I-China, njengomvelisi obalaseleyo wemihlaba enqabileyo, ibonise kwixesha elidlulileyo ukuba inokusebenzisa umhlaba onqabileyo njenge-bargaining chip xa kuziwa kwiingxoxo zamazwe amaninzi," kusho uBauk.
Umzekelo weli xesha lokugqibela iBeijing isebenzisa umhlaba onqabileyo njengesixhobo sezopolitiko. Ngo-2010, ithintele ukuthunyelwa kwempahla eJapan emva kwengxabano yaselwandle, kwaye ngelixa i-spike eyalandelayo kumaxabiso yabona ukuguquguquka komsebenzi wokukhusela iimpahla kwenye indawo - kunye netyala eliziswe kwiWorld Trade Organisation - malunga neshumi leminyaka kamva ilizwe liselihlabathi. umboneleli obalaseleyo.
Akukho nto inje ngemoto ethengisiweyo e-US okanye eyenziwe e-US engenazo iinjini zemagnethi ezinqabileyo zasemhlabeni kwenye indawo kwindibano yayo.
I-US akufanele ijongele phantsi amandla e-China okulwa imfazwe yorhwebo, i-People's Daily yathi kwi-editorial ngoLwesithathu eyayisebenzisa ulwimi oluthile olubalulekileyo kwimbali yobunzima benjongo yaseChina.
Amagqabaza eli phephandaba aquka ibinzana elinqabileyo lesiTshayina elithetha ukuthi “ungatsho ukuba andikulumkisanga.” Amagama akhethekileyo asetyenziswa leli phepha ngo-1962 ngaphambi kokuba iTshayina iye kulwa neIndiya, kwaye “abo baqhelene nolwimi lozakuzo lwaseTshayina bayabazi ubunzima beli binzana,” iGlobal Times, iphephandaba elinxulumene neQela lamaKomanisi, yatsho kwinqaku. ngoAprili. Yayisetyenziswa phambi kokuba kuqhambuke impixano phakathi kweTshayina neVietnam ngo-1979.
Kwimihlaba enqabileyo ngokukodwa, i-People's Daily yathi akukho nzima ukuphendula umbuzo wokuba i-China iya kusebenzisa izinto njengempindezelo kwimfazwe yorhwebo. UHlelo kwiGlobal Times kunye neShanghai Securities News bathathe amateki afanayo kwiintlelo zabo zangoLwesithathu.
ITshayina isenokwenza umonakalo omkhulu ngokucudisa amayeza emagnethi neenjini ezisebenzisa izakhi, watsho uJack Lifton, umseki weTechnology Metals Research LLC, obebandakanyeka kumhlaba onqabileyo ukususela ngowe-1962. " uthe.
Ngokomzekelo, iimagnethi ezisisigxina ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zisetyenziswa kwiinjini ezincinci okanye iijeneretha ezininzi, ngoku zikhoyo, itekhnoloji. Kwinqwelo-mafutha, bavumela ii-wipers ze-windshield, iifestile zombane kunye ne-power steering ukuba zisebenze. Kwaye i-China ibalelwa kwi-95% yemveliso yehlabathi, ngokutsho kwe-Industrial Minerals Co.
“Akukho nto inje ngemoto ethengiswa e-US okanye eyenziwe e-US engenazo iimotor zemagnethi ezisisigxina kwindawo ethile kwindibano yayo,” utshilo uLifton. “Iya kuba yinto entle kakhulu kwishishini lezixhobo zabathengi nakwishishini leemoto. Oko kuthetha oomatshini bokuhlamba, izicoci zevacuum, iimoto. Uluhlu alupheli.”
Ingqokelela yezinto ezili-17, ezibandakanya i-neodymium, esetyenziswa kwiimagnethi, kunye ne-ytrrium yombane, ininzi kakhulu kuqweqwe loMhlaba, kodwa ukugxilwa kwemigodi kunqabile kunezinye iintsimbi. Ngokuphathelele ukusetyenzwa, amandla aseTshayina sele malunga nemfuno ephindwe kabini ekhoyo yehlabathi, utshilo u-Kingsnorth, okwenza kube nzima ukuba iinkampani zangaphandle zingene kwaye zikhuphisane kwikhonkco lokubonelela.
Imarike yomhlaba enqabileyo yaseTshayina ilawulwa ngabavelisi abambalwa abaquka iChina Northern Rare Earth Group, Minmetals Rare Earth Co., Xiamen Tungsten Co. kunye neChinalco Rare Earth & Metals Co.
Ukubamba kweTshayina komelele kangangokuba i-US yazimanya nezinye izizwe ekuqaleni kweli shumi leminyaka kwityala loMbutho woRhwebo lweHlabathi ukunyanzela ilizwe ukuba lithumele kumazwe angaphandle ngakumbi phakathi kokunqongophala kwehlabathi. I-WTO yagweba ixhasa iMelika, ngelixa amaxabiso ekugqibeleni ehla njengoko abavelisi beguqukela kwezinye iindlela.
NgoDisemba 2017, uTrump watyikitya umyalelo wesigqeba sokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwelizwe kwimithombo yangaphandle yezimbiwa ezibalulekileyo, kubandakanywa umhlaba onqabileyo, owawujoliswe ekunciphiseni ubuthathaka base-US ukubonelela ukuphazamiseka. Kodwa igqala kwishishini uLifton uthe eli nyathelo alizukunciphisa ukuba semngciphekweni kwelizwe nangaliphi na ixesha kungekudala.
“Nokuba urhulumente wase-US uthe bazokuxhasa ngemali ikhonkco lokubonelela, kuya kuthatha iminyaka,” utshilo. “Awunakutsho nje, 'Ndiza kwakha umgodi, ndiza kwenza iplanti yokwahlula, kunye nesixhobo semagnethi okanye isinyithi.' Kuya kufuneka uyile, uyakhe, uyivavanye, kwaye ayenzeki ngemizuzu emihlanu. ”
I-Cerium: Isetyenziselwa ukunika umbala otyheli kwiglasi, njenge-catalyst, njengomgubo wokupholisha kunye nokwenza iiflethi.
I-Praseodymium: I-Lasers, izibane ze-arc, iimagnethi, intsimbi yeflint, kunye nombala weglasi, kwiintsimbi eziphezulu ezifumaneka kwiinjini zeenqwelo-moya nakwi-flint yokuqalisa umlilo.
I-Neodymium: Ezinye zezona magnethi zinamandla zisisigxina ezikhoyo; isetyenziselwa ukunika umbala o-violet kwiglasi kunye neekeramics, kwiilaser, ii-capacitors kunye neediski zeemoto zombane.
Promethium: Ekuphela kwento yendalo enemitha enqabileyo yomhlaba. Isetyenziswa kwipeyinti ekhanyayo kunye neebhetri zenyukliya.
I-Europium: Isetyenziselwa ukulungisa i-phosphors ebomvu neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (amanqaku kumanqaku e-euro athintela ukukhwabanisa,) kwii-lasers, kwi-fluorescent.
I-Terbium: Isetyenziswa kwiiphosphors eziluhlaza, iimagnethi, iilaser, izibane ezikhanyayo, iialloys zemagnetostrictive kunye neenkqubo zesonar.
I-Ytrrium: Isetyenziswe kwi-yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) lasers, njenge-phosphor ebomvu, kwi-superconductors, kwiibhubhu ze-fluorescent, kwii-LED kunye nonyango lomhlaza.
I-Dysprosium: Iimagnethi zomhlaba ezisisigxina ezinqabileyo; iilaser kunye nezibane zorhwebo; iidiski zekhompyuter kunye nezinye izinto zombane; izixhobo zenyukliya kunye nezithuthi zangoku, ezonga amandla
I-Holmium: Ukusetyenziswa kwiilaser, iimagnethi, kunye nokulinganisa ii-spectrophotometers zingasetyenziswa kwiintonga zokulawula inyukliya kunye nezixhobo ze-microwave.
I-Erbium: Intsimbi ye-Vanadium, iilaser ze-infrared kunye ne-fiberoptics lasers, kubandakanywa nezinye ezisetyenziselwa iinjongo zonyango.
Thulium: Ngowona mhlaba unqabileyo kakhulu. Isetyenziswe kwii-lasers, izibane ze-metal halide kunye noomatshini be-X-ray ephathekayo.
I-Ytterbium: izicelo zokhathalelo lwempilo, kubandakanywa nonyango oluthile lomhlaza; insimbi engenasici kunye nokubeka iliso kwimiphumo yeenyikima, ukuqhuma.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-03-2019
