Beijing waxay diyaar u tahay inay adeegsato awooddeeda dhulalka naadir ah si ay dib ugu soo noqoto dagaalka ganacsi ee qotoda dheer ee ay kula jirto Washington.
Warbixino badan oo ka soo baxay warbaahinta Shiinaha Arbacadii, oo ay ku jiraan tafatirka wargeyska calanka ee Xisbiga Shuuciga, ayaa kor u qaaday rajada ah in Beijing ay jarto dhoofinta badeecadaha muhiimka u ah difaaca, tamarta, qalabka elektaroonigga iyo waaxaha baabuurta.
Soo saaraha ugu weyn adduunka, Shiinaha ayaa bixiya ilaa 80% soo dejinta Mareykanka ee dhulalka dhifka ah, kuwaas oo loo isticmaalo codsiyo badan oo ay ku jiraan taleefannada casriga ah, gawaarida korontada iyo marawaxadaha dabaysha. Inta badan dhulalka dhifka ah ee laga qodo meel ka baxsan Shiinaha ayaa wali halkaas ku dhammaada si ay uga baaraandegaan - xitaa miinada Mareykanka oo keliya ee ku taal Mountain Pass ee California waxay alaabteeda u dirtaa qaranka.
Waaxda Difaaca ayaa ku xisaabtanta 1% wadarta guud ee isticmaalka Maraykanka ee dhulalka dhifka ah, sida lagu sheegay warbixin 2016 ka soo baxday Xafiiska Xisaabtanka ee Dowladda Mareykanka. Weli, “dhulka dhifka ah ayaa lama huraan u ah soo saarista, joogtaynta, iyo hawlgalka qalabka militariga Mareykanka. Helitaanka lagu kalsoonaan karo ee alaabta lagama maarmaanka ah, iyada oo aan loo eegin heerka guud ee baahida difaaca, waa shuruud u ah DOD," GAO ayaa ku sheegtay warbixinta.
Dhulyo naadir ah ayaa hore uga soo muuqday khilaafka ganacsiga. Dalka Aasiya waxa uu kor u qaaday tacriifadaha ilaa 25% 10% laga soo dejiyo wax soo saarka kaliya ee Maraykanka, halka Maraykanku uu ka saaray canaasiirta liiskeeda cashuuraha la filayo ee ku dhawaad $300 bilyan ee alaabta Shiinaha in lagu beegsado mowjadaha xiga ee tallaabooyinka.
"Shiinaha iyo dhulalka naadirka ah waxay la mid yihiin Faransiiska iyo khamriga - Faransiiska ayaa kaa iibin doona dhalada khamriga, laakiin dhab ahaantii ma rabto inay ku iibiso canabka," ayuu yiri Dudley Kingsnorth, lataliyaha warshadaha iyo agaasimaha fulinta ee fadhigiisu yahay Perth Warshadaha Macdanta Co. ee Australia.
Istaraatiijiyada waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu dhiirigeliyo isticmaalayaasha dhamaadka sida Apple Inc., General Motors Co. iyo Toyota Motor Corp. si ay ugu daraan awoodda wax soo saarka ee Shiinaha. Waxa kale oo ay la macno tahay in hanjabaada Beijing ay ku shaqaalaysiinayso awooddeeda dhulyo naadir ah ay khatar gelinayso wershadaha Maraykanka, iyada oo ay gaajoonayso soosaarayaasha qaybaha caadiga ah ee alaabta ay ku jiraan baabuurta iyo weel-dhaqashada. Waa ceejin laga yaabo inay qaadato sannado inay jabiso.
"Horumarinta sahayda dhulka naadirka ah ee kale ma aha wax dhici kara habeen dhaxe," ayuu yiri George Bauk, madaxa fulinta ee Northern Minerals Ltd., kaas oo soo saara carbonate earths dhif ah, badeecad horudhac ah, oo ka timid warshad tijaabo ah oo ku taal Galbeedka Australia. "Waxaa jiri doona waqti dib u dhac ah oo loogu talagalay horumarinta mashruuc kasta oo cusub."
Dayuurad kasta oo US F-35 Hillaaca II ah - oo loo arko mid ka mid ah diyaaradaha dagaalka ugu casrisan, la dhaqaajin karo iyo kuwa qarsoodiga ah - waxay u baahan tahay ku dhawaad 920 rodol oo agab naadir ah, sida lagu sheegay warbixin 2013 ka soo baxday Adeegga Cilmi-baarista Kongareeska Mareykanka. Waa nidaamka hubka ugu qaalisan ee Pentagon-ka iyo dagaalyahankii ugu horreeyay ee loogu talagalay inuu u adeego saddex laamood oo ka tirsan ciidamada Mareykanka.
Dhulka naadirka ah oo ay ku jiraan yttrium iyo terbium ayaa loo adeegsadaa beegsiga laysarka iyo hubka ee mustaqbalka ee baabuurta la dagaalanka, sida lagu sheegay warbixinta Adeegga Cilmi-baadhista ee Koongareeska. Isticmaalka kale ayaa ah baabuurta dagaalka ee Stryker, drones-ka Predator iyo gantaalada Tomahawk.
Khatarta ah in la hubeeyo agabka istaraatiijiga ah ayaa kor u qaadaya xiisadda u dhaxaysa labada dhaqaale ee ugu waaweyn adduunka ka hor kulanka la filayo ee u dhexeeya madaxweynayaasha Xi Jinping iyo Donald Trump kulanka G-20 ee bisha soo socota. Waxay muujineysaa sida Shiinuhu u miisaamayo xulashooyinkiisa ka dib markii Mareykanka uu liiska madow geliyay Huawei Technologies Co., isagoo jaray sahayda qeybaha Mareykanka ee uu u baahan yahay si uu u sameeyo taleefannada casriga ah iyo qalabka isku xirka.
"Shiinaha, oo ah soo saaraha ugu badan ee dhulalka dhifka ah, ayaa muujiyay wakhti hore in ay isticmaali karaan dhulalka dhifka ah sida gorgortanka marka ay timaado wada xaajoodyada dhinacyada badan," ayuu yidhi Bauk.
Tusaale ahaan waa markii ugu dambeysay ee Beijing ay u adeegsato dhul dhif ah hub siyaasadeed. Sannadkii 2010, waxay xannibtay dhoofinta Japan ka dib muran badeed, iyo iyada oo sicir bararka ka dhashay uu arkay dhaqdhaqaaqyo badan oo lagu hubinayo sahayda meelo kale - iyo kiis loo keenay Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka - ku dhawaad toban sano ka dib qaranku weli waa kan adduunka. alaab-qeybiyaha ugu sarreeya.
Ma jiro wax la mid ah baabuur lagu iibiyo Maraykanka ama lagu sameeyo Maraykanka oo aan lahayn matoorada magnet-ka ee naadirka ah ee dhulka meel ka mid ah shirkadiisa.
Maraykanku waa inuusan dhayalsan awoodda Shiinaha ee ah inuu kula dagaallamo dagaalka ganacsiga, Daily People ayaa ku sheegtay tifaftirka Arbacadii oo adeegsaday luqad taariikhi ah oo muhiim u ah miisaanka ujeeddada Shiinaha.
Faallada wargeyska waxa ku jirtay odhaah Shiinees ah oo naadir ah oo macneheedu yahay “ha odhanin anigu kumaan digin”. Erayga gaarka ah waxa loo adeegsaday wargaysku 1962 ka hor inta aanu Shiinuhu la dagaalamin Hindiya, “kuwa yaqaan luqadda dublamaasiyadda Shiinaha way garanayaan miisaanka weedhan,” Global Times, oo ah wargeys xidhiidh la leh Xisbiga Shuuciga, ayaa maqaal ku yidhi. bisha Abriil. Waxa kale oo la istcimaali jiray ka hor intii aanu dagaalku ka dhex qarxin Shiinaha iyo Vietnam 1979kii.
Dhulka naadir ah gaar ahaan, Daily People's Daily ayaa sheegay in aysan adagtahay in laga jawaabo su'aasha in Shiinuhu u adeegsan doono canaasiirta dagaalka ganacsiga. Tifaftirayaasha ku jira Global Times iyo Shanghai Securities News waxay qaateen tabo la mid ah daabacaadadooda Arbacada.
Shiinuhu wuxuu burburin karaa burburka ugu sarreeya isagoo tuujinaya sahayda birta iyo matoorada isticmaala walxaha, ayuu yiri Jack Lifton, oo ah aasaasaha Cilmi-baarista Tiknoolajiyada Metals LLC, kaasoo ku lug lahaa dhul naadir ah tan iyo 1962. Saamaynta warshadaha Mareykanka waxay noqon kartaa "wax xun, ” ayuu yiri.
Tusaale ahaan, birlabadaha joogtada ah ee dhulka naadirka ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa matoorrada yaryar ama koronto-dhaliyeyaal badan, oo hadda meel walba ka jira, tignoolajiyada. Baabuurka dhexdiisa, waxay oggolaadaan masaxadaha muraayadaha, muraayadaha korontada iyo isteerinka korontadu inay shaqeeyaan. Shiinuhuna wuxuu xisaabiyaa ilaa 95% wax soo saarka adduunka, sida laga soo xigtay Warshadaha Macdanta Co.
"Ma jiro wax la mid ah baabuur lagu iibiyo Maraykanka ama lagu sameeyey Maraykanka oo aan haysan matoorada magnetka joogtada ah ee naadirka ah ee meel ka mid ah goobtiisa," Lifton ayaa yidhi. "Waxay noqon doontaa wax aad u xun warshadaha qalabka macaamiisha iyo warshadaha baabuurta. Taas macnaheedu waa mashiinada dharka, nadiifiyaha vacuum, baabuurta. Liisku waa mid aan dhammaad lahayn.”
Ururinta 17 walxood, oo ay ku jiraan neodymium, oo loo isticmaalo magnets, iyo ytrrium ee qalabka elektaroonigga ah, ayaa dhab ahaantii aad ugu badan qolofta Dhulka, laakiin xoogga la miinada ayaa ka yar kuwa kale ee macdanta kale. Marka la eego farsamaynta, awoodda Shiinuhu waxay mar horeba ku dhowdahay labanlaab baahida caalamiga ah ee jirta, ayuu yiri Kingsnorth, taasoo adkeyneysa in shirkadaha ajnabiga ah ay galaan oo ay ku tartamaan silsiladda sahayda.
Suuqyada dhulka naadirka ah ee Shiinaha waxaa u badan soosaarayaal faro ku tiris ah oo ay ku jiraan China Northern Rare Earth Group, Minmetals Rare Earth Co., Xiamen Tungsten Co. iyo Chinalco Rare Earth & Metals Co.
Ceejinta Shiinaha ayaa aad u xoog badan taasoo keentay in Maraykanku uu ku biiray waddamo kale horraantii tobankan sano kiis Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka si loogu qasbo qaranka inay wax badan dhoofiyaan iyada oo ay jirto gabaabsi caalami ah. WTO waxay u xukuntay Ameerika, halka qiimuhu aakhirkii hoos u dhacay markii wax-soo-saarayaashu ay beddeleen.
Bishii Disembar 2017, Trump wuxuu saxiixay amar fulineed si loo yareeyo ku tiirsanaanta dalka ee ilaha dibadda ee macdanta muhiimka ah, oo ay ku jiraan dhulalka dhifka ah, kaas oo looga dan lahaa in lagu dhimo nuglaanshaha Mareykanka ee carqaladeynta saadka. Laakiin halyeeyga warshadaha Lifton ayaa sheegay in tallaabadani aysan yarayn doonin nuglaanshaha dalka waqti dhow.
"Xitaa haddii dawladda Maraykanku ay sheegto inay maalgelinayaan silsiladda sahayda, waxay qaadan doontaa sanado," ayuu yidhi. "Ma dhihi kartid, 'Waxaan dhisi doonaa miino, waxaan sameyn doonaa warshad kala soocida, iyo qalab magnet ama biraha.' Waa in aad naqshadayso, dhistaa, tijaabisaa, taasina kuma dhacayso shan daqiiqo gudahood.”
Cerium: Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu siiyo midab huruud ah muraayadda, si kicin ah, sida budada dhalaalaysa iyo samaynta dhagaxyada.
Praseodymium: Lasers, laydhka arc, magnets, birta dhagaxa leh, iyo sida midabka galaas, biraha xoogga badan ee laga helay matoorada diyaaradaha iyo dhagaxa dabka lagu shido.
Neodymium: Qaar ka mid ah magnets joogto ah ee ugu xooggan ee la heli karo; loo isticmaalo in lagu siiyo midab violet galaas iyo ceramics, in lasers, capacitors iyo korantada saxanada.
Promethium: Waxa kaliya ee dabiiciga ah ee shucaaca leh ee dhulka naadirka ah. Loo isticmaalo rinji iftiin leh iyo baytariyada nukliyeerka.
Europium: Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu diyaariyo fosfooraska casaanka iyo buluugga ah (calamadaha lacagta euro ee ka hortagaya been-abuurka,) lasers, fluorescent.
Terbium: Waxaa loo isticmaalaa fosfooraska cagaaran, magnets, lasers, nalalka fluorescent, alloys magnetostrictive iyo nidaamka sonar.
Ytrrium: Waxaa loo isticmaalaa yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG), leysarka, sida fosfoor guduudan, koontaroolada sare, tuubooyinka fluorescent, LED-yada iyo sida daawaynta kansarka.
Dysprosium: magnets dhul dhif ah oo joogto ah; leysarka iyo nalalka ganacsiga; saxannada kombuyuutarka adag iyo qalabka kale ee elektiroonigga ah; Nuclear reactors iyo baabuur casri ah oo tamar wanaagsan leh
Holmium: Isticmaalka laysarka, magnets, iyo cabbirida spectrophotometers waxaa loo isticmaali karaa ulaha kantaroolka nukliyeerka iyo qalabka microwave
Erbium: Birta Vanadium, Laysarada infrared iyo Fiberoptics lasers, oo ay ku jiraan qaar loo isticmaalo arrimo caafimaad.
Thulium: Mid ka mid ah dhulalka dhifka ah ee ugu yar. Loo isticmaalo laysarka, nalalka halide biraha ah iyo mishiinada raajada ee la qaadi karo.
Ytterbium: Codsiyada daryeelka caafimaadka, oo ay ku jiraan daawaynta kansarka qaarkood; birta aan la taaban karin iyo la socodka saamaynta dhulgariirrada, qaraxyada.
Waqtiga boostada: Jun-03-2019
