Beijing iri kugadzirira kushandisa hutongi hwayo hwepasi isingawanzo kudzoka muhondo yayo yekutengeserana neWashington.
Kuwanda kwenhau dzeChinese neChitatu, kusanganisira mupepeti webepanhau reCommunist Party, yakasimudza tarisiro yeBeijing yekucheka kunze kwenyika zvinhu zvakakosha mukudzivirira, simba, zvemagetsi nemotokari.
Mugadziri mukuru wepasirese, China inopa chikamu che80% cheUS kubva kunze kwenyika dzepasi, dzinoshandiswa muhuwandu hwekushandisa zvinosanganisira ma smartphones, mota dzemagetsi nemhepo turbines. Uye mazhinji emavhu asingawanzo kucherwa kunze kweChina achiri kuperera ipapo kuti agadziriswe - kunyangwe mugodhi wega wekuUS kuMountain Pass muCalifornia unotumira zvinhu zvawo kurudzi.
Dhipatimendi reDziviriro rinotora 1% yehuwandu hweUS kushandiswa kwepasi risingawanzo, sekureva kwe2016 mushumo kubva kuUS Government Accountability Office. Kunyange zvakadaro, “nyika dzisingawanzooneki dzinokosha pakugadzirwa, kuchengetedza, uye kushanda kwezvombo zvehondo zveUnited States. Kuvimbika kwekuwana zvinhu zvinodikanwa, zvisinei nechiyero chese chekudzivirira, chinhu chinodiwa neDOD, "yakadaro GAO mumushumo.
Rare earths dzakatobuda mukunetsana kwekutengeserana. Nyika yeAsia yakakwidza mutero kusvika pamakumi maviri neshanu kubva muzana kubva pagumi muzana pazvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika kubva kune mugadziri ega weAmerica, ukuwo US yakabvisa zvinhu kubva murunyorwa rwayo rwemitero yezvinhu zvinosvika mabhiriyoni mazana matatu ezviuru zvezvinhu zveChina zvinofanirwa kunangwa mumafungu ayo anotevera.
"China nevhu risingawanikwe rakafanana neFrance newaini - France ichakutengesera bhodhoro rewaini, asi haitomboda kukutengesera mazambiringa," akadaro Dudley Kingsnorth, chipangamazano weindasitiri uye Perth-based executive director ku. Industrial Minerals Co. yekuAustralia.
Urongwa uhwu hunoitirwa kukurudzira vashandisi vakaita seApple Inc., General Motors Co uye Toyota Motor Corp. kuti vawedzere kugadzira muChina. Izvi zvinoreva zvakare kuti kutyisidzira kweBeijing kushandisa hutongi hwayo hwepasi risingawanzo kutyisidzira kukanganisa kwakanyanya kuindasitiri yeUS, nevagadziri vanofa nenzara vezvinhu zvinowanzoitika muzvinhu zvinosanganisira mota nemadhishi. Iro dzungu rinogona kutora makore kuti rityoke.
"Kugadziridzwa kwezvimwe zvisingawanzo kuwanikwa zvepasi hachisi chinhu chinogona kuitika nemusi wese," akadaro George Bauk, mukuru mukuru weNorthern Minerals Ltd., iyo inogadzira isingawanzo pasi carbonate, chigadzirwa chekutanga, kubva kune chirimwa chekutyaira muWestern Australia. "Pachave nenguva yekunonoka yekuvandudza chero mapurojekiti matsva."
Imwe neimwe ndege yeU.S. F-35 Mheni II - inoonekwa seimwe yejeti dzehondo dzepasi rose dzakaomarara, dzinofambiswa uye dzakabira - inoda makirogiramu mazana mapfumbamwe nemakumi maviri ezvigadzirwa zvepasi, sekureva kwa2013 kubva kuUS Congressional Research Service. Ndiyo Pentagon inonyanya kudhura zvombo system uye murwi wekutanga akagadzirirwa kushandira mapazi matatu euto reUS.
Mapasi asingawanzo kusanganisira yttrium uye terbium anoshandiswa kunongedzera laser uye zvombo mumotokari dzeFuture Combat Systems, sekureva kweCongressional Research Service report. Mamwe mashandisirwo ndeeStryker armored kurwisa mota, Predator drones uye Tomahawk cruise missile.
Kutyisidzirwa kwekushandisa zvombo zvehunyanzvi kunokonzeresa kusawirirana pakati penyika mbiri huru dzehupfumi pasi rose pamberi pemusangano unotarisirwa pakati pePresident Xi Jinping naDonald Trump pamusangano weG-20 mwedzi unouya. Inoratidza kuti China iri kuyera sei sarudzo dzayo mushure mekunge US yakadzvanya Huawei Technologies Co., kugura kupihwa kwemidziyo yeAmerica yainoda kugadzira mafoni ayo uye network network.
"China, semugadziri mukuru wepasi risingawanzoitiki, yakaratidza munguva yakapfuura kuti inogona kushandisa nyika isingawanzo kudyidzana kana zvasvika panhaurirano dzepasi rose," akadaro Bauk.
Imwe nyaya ndeyekupedzisira nguva iyo Beijing yakashandisa zvisingawanzo pasi sechombo chezvematongerwo enyika. Muna 2010, yakavharira kutengesa kunze kwenyika kuJapan mushure mekupokana kwemugungwa, uye nepo kukwira kwemitengo kwakaona kuwanda kwekuita kuchengetedza zvinhu kune imwe nzvimbo - uye nyaya yakaunzwa kuWorld Trade Organisation - angangoita makore gumi gare gare nyika ichiri pasi rose. dominant supplier.
Iko hakuna chinhu chakadai semotokari inotengeswa kuUS kana kugadzirwa muUS iyo isina isingawanzo-yepasi inogara magineti mota kumwe kumusangano wayo.
IUS haifanirwe kurerutsa kugona kweChina kurwisa hondo yekutengeserana, People's Daily yakati mune imwe nhaurirano neChitatu yakashandisa mutauro wakakosha pahuremu hwechinangwa cheChina.
Tsananguro yebepanhau iyi yaisanganisira mutsara usingawanzo kutaurwa weChinese unoreva kuti "usati handina kukuyambira." Mazwi chaiwo akashandiswa nebepa muna 1962 China isati yaenda kuhondo neIndia, uye "vanoziva mutauro weChinese diplomatic vanoziva huremu hwemutsara uyu," Global Times, bepanhau rakabatana neCommunist Party, yakadaro mune imwe chinyorwa. muna April. Yakashandiswa zvakare kurwisana kusati kwatanga pakati peChina neVietnam muna 1979.
Panyika dzisingawanzo, People's Daily yakati hazvina kuoma kupindura mubvunzo wekuti China ichashandisa zvinhu sekudzorera muhondo yekutengeserana. Zvinyorwa muGlobal Times neShanghai Securities News vakatora mateki akafanana muzvinyorwa zvavo zveChitatu.
China inogona kuparira nyonganyonga huru nokudzvanya zvinhu zvemagineti nemamotor anoshandisa maatomu, akadaro Jack Lifton, muvambi biyake weTechnology Metals Research LLC, ave achibatanidzwa nepasi risingawanzoitiki kubvira muna 1962. Mugumisiro paindasitiri yeAmerica unogona “kuparadza, ” akadaro.
Semuenzaniso, isingawanzo-yepasi magineti echigarire anoshandiswa mune madiki mota kana jenareta mune akawanda, ikozvino anowanikwa, tekinoroji. Mumotokari, vanobvumira mawipers emhepo, mahwindo emagetsi uye chidhiraivho chemagetsi kushanda. Uye China inoverengera kusvika 95% yezvakabuda pasi rose, sekureva kweIndustrial Minerals Co.
"Hapana chinhu chakadai semotokari inotengeswa kuUS kana kugadzirwa kuUS iyo isina magineti asingawanzo epasi kune imwe nzvimbo mugungano rayo," akadaro Lifton. “Ichave chiitiko chikuru kuindasitiri yemidziyo yevatengi uye indasitiri yemotokari. Izvi zvinoreva michina yekuwachisa, vacuum cleaners, mota. List yacho haiperi.”
Kuunganidzwa kwezvinhu gumi nezvinomwe, izvo zvinosanganisira neodymium, inoshandiswa mumagineti, uye ytrrium yemagetsi, yakanyatso kuwanda muPasi pevhu, asi migodhi yakawandisa haina kuwanda kupfuura mamwe ore. Panyaya yekugadzirisa, huwandu hweChina hwatove hwakapetwa kaviri kudiwa kwepasirese, Kingsnorth akadaro, zvichiita kuti zvinyanye kuomera makambani ekunze kuti apinde uye akwikwidze mumaketani ekugovera.
Musika wepanyika weChina unotungamirwa nevagadziri vashoma vanosanganisira China Northern Rare Earth Group, Minmetals Rare Earth Co., Xiamen Tungsten Co. uye Chinalco Rare Earth & Metals Co.
Kubata kweChina kwakasimba zvekuti US yakabatana nedzimwe nyika kutanga kwemakore gumi ano mune imwe nyaya yeWorld Trade Organisation yekumanikidza nyika kuti itumire kunze kwenyika mukati mekushomeka kwepasirese. WTO yakatonga ichitsigira America, ukuwo mitengo yakadzikira sezvo vagadziri vakatendeukira kune dzimwe nzira.
Muna Zvita 2017, VaTrump vakasaina gwaro rekudzikisa kutsamira kwenyika kune zvekunze zvicherwa zvakakosha, kusanganisira zvisingawanzo pasi, izvo zvine chinangwa chekudzikisa kusagadzikana kweUS kupa zvinokanganisa. Asi mukuru wemaindasitiri, Lifton, akati danho iri harisi kuzoderedza kusagadzikana kwenyika munguva pfupi iri kutevera.
"Kunyangwe kana hurumende yeUS ikati ichabhadhara mari yekutenga, zvinotora makore," akadaro. “Haungangoti, 'Ndichavaka mugodhi, ndichagadzira chirimwa chekuparadzanisa, uye magineti kana simbi.' Iwe unofanirwa kuzvigadzira, kuzvivaka, kuzviedza, uye izvo hazviitike mumaminitsi mashanu. "
Cerium: Inoshandiswa kupa ruvara rweyero kugirazi, sechinhu chinokonzeresa, sehupfu hwekupukuta uye kugadzira matombo.
Praseodymium: Laser, arc lighting, magineti, flint simbi, uye segirazi colorant, mumasimbi akasimba anowanikwa muinjini dzendege uye mune flint yekutanga moto.
Neodymium: Mamwe magineti akasimba anogara aripo; inoshandiswa kupa violet ruvara kune girazi uye ceramics, mune lasers, capacitors uye emagetsi mota discs.
Promethium: Iyo chete yakasikwa radioactive isingawanzoitiki-yepasi chinhu. Inoshandiswa mupendi inopenya uye mabhatiri enyukireya.
Europium: Inoshandiswa kugadzira tsvuku uye yebhuruu phosphors (maki paeuro manotsi anodzivirira kunyengedza,) mumalaser, mune fluorescent.
Terbium: Inoshandiswa mugirini phosphors, magineti, lasers, mwenje wefluorescent, magnetostrictive alloys uye sonar masisitimu.
Ytrrium: Inoshandiswa muyttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) lasers, se phosphor tsvuku, mune superconductors, mumachubhu efluorescent, muma LED uye sekurapa kenza.
Dysprosium: Magineti epasi asingawanzo asingaperi; lasers uye chiedza chekutengeserana; hard computer discs nezvimwe zvemagetsi; zvombo zvenyukireya nemotokari dzemazuvano, dzinoshandisa simba
Holmium: Kushandisa mumalaser, magineti, uye calibration ye spectrophotometers inogona kushandiswa munyukireya simbi tsvimbo uye microwave michina.
Erbium: Vanadium simbi, infrared lasers uye fiberoptics lasers, kusanganisira mamwe anoshandiswa pakurapa.
Thulium: Imwe yepasi shoma shoma isingawanzo. Inoshandiswa mumalaser, marambi esimbi halide uye inotakurika X-ray michina.
Ytterbium: Zvikumbiro zvehutano, kusanganisira mune mamwe marapirwo egomarara; simbi isina tsvina uye yekutarisa mhedzisiro yekudengenyeka kwenyika, kuputika.
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-03-2019
