Beijing ikukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake zapadziko lapansi kuti zibwererenso pankhondo yake yakuzama yamalonda ndi Washington.
Kuchuluka kwa malipoti aku China Lachitatu, kuphatikiza mkonzi wa nyuzipepala yayikulu ya chipani cha Communist Party, adakweza chiyembekezo cha Beijing kuchepetsa kutumizira kunja kwa zinthu zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pachitetezo, mphamvu, zamagetsi ndi magalimoto.
Wopanga wamkulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, China amapereka pafupifupi 80% ya zinthu zomwe US zimachokera kunja kwa dziko lachilendo, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zambiri kuphatikiza mafoni a m'manja, magalimoto amagetsi ndi ma turbine amphepo. Ndipo malo ambiri osowa omwe amakumbidwa kunja kwa China akadali komweko kuti akakonze - ngakhale mgodi wokhawo waku US ku Mountain Pass ku California umatumiza zinthu zake kudziko.
Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo imawerengera pafupifupi 1% yazakudya zonse zaku US zapadziko lapansi, malinga ndi lipoti la 2016 lochokera ku US Government Accountability Office. Komabe, “dziko lapansi losowa n’lofunika kwambiri popanga, kusamalira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo za ku United States. Kupeza kodalirika kwa zinthu zofunika, mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwa chitetezo, ndikofunikira kwa DOD, "adatero GAO mu lipotilo.
Mayiko osowa padziko lapansi adawonekera kale pamkangano wamalonda. Dziko la Asia lidakweza mitengo yamitengo mpaka 25% kuchokera pa 10% pazogulitsa kuchokera ku America yekhayo, pomwe US idachotsa zinthuzo pamndandanda wawo womwe ukuyembekezeka kugulitsa zinthu zaku China pafupifupi $300 biliyoni zomwe zikuyenera kutsatiridwa.
"China ndi zosowa zapadziko lapansi zili ngati France ndi vinyo - France idzakugulitsirani botolo la vinyo, koma silikufuna kukugulitsani mphesa," atero a Dudley Kingsnorth, mlangizi wamakampani komanso director wamkulu wa Perth ku Perth. Malingaliro a kampani Industrial Minerals Co., Australia.
Njirayi ikufuna kulimbikitsa ogwiritsa ntchito mapeto monga Apple Inc., General Motors Co. ndi Toyota Motor Corp. kuti awonjezere mphamvu zopangira ku China. Zikutanthauzanso kuti chiwopsezo cha Beijing chogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake zapadziko lapansi zosowa chikuwopseza kusokonekera kwakukulu kwa mafakitale aku US, chifukwa cha njala yopanga zinthu zomwe zimapezeka muzinthu zomwe zimaphatikizapo magalimoto ndi zotsukira mbale. Ndi chinyengo chomwe chingatenge zaka kuti chisweke.
"Kupanga zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi sizinthu zomwe zingachitike mwadzidzidzi," adatero George Bauk, mkulu wa bungwe la Northern Minerals Ltd., lomwe limapanga ma rare earths carbonate, chinthu choyambirira, kuchokera ku fakitale yoyendetsa ndege ku Western Australia. "Pakhala nthawi yocheperako yopangira ma projekiti atsopano."
Ndege iliyonse yaku US F-35 Lightning II - yomwe imatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa ndege zapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zosunthika komanso zozembera - zimafunikira pafupifupi mapaundi 920 azinthu zapadziko lapansi, malinga ndi lipoti la 2013 lochokera ku US Congressional Research Service. Ndilo zida zankhondo zokwera mtengo kwambiri za Pentagon komanso womenya woyamba wopangidwa kuti azitumikira nthambi zitatu za asitikali aku US.
Dziko lapansi losowa kuphatikiza yttrium ndi terbium amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana laser ndi zida zamagalimoto a Future Combat Systems, malinga ndi lipoti la DRM Research Service. Ntchito zina ndi zida zankhondo za Stryker, Predator drones ndi Tomahawk cruise missiles.
Kuwopseza kugwiritsa ntchito zida zaukadaulo kukuwonjezera kusamvana pakati pa mayiko awiri azachuma padziko lonse lapansi msonkhano womwe ukuyembekezeka pakati pa Purezidenti Xi Jinping ndi a Donald Trump pamsonkhano wa G-20 mwezi wamawa. Ikuwonetsa momwe dziko la China likuganizira zomwe angasankhe pambuyo poti US idayimitsa Huawei Technologies Co., ndikudula magawo aku America omwe amafunikira kuti apange mafoni ake am'manja ndi zida zapaintaneti.
"China, yomwe imapanga dziko lapansi losowa kwambiri, yasonyeza m'mbuyomu kuti ikhoza kugwiritsa ntchito maiko osowa ngati njira yothetsera zokambirana za mayiko osiyanasiyana," adatero Bauk.
Chitsanzo pankhaniyi ndi nthawi yomaliza yomwe Beijing idagwiritsa ntchito dziko losowa ngati chida chandale. Mu 2010, idaletsa kutumiza kunja ku Japan pambuyo pa mkangano wapanyanja, ndipo pomwe kukwera kwamitengo kudawona kuchuluka kwa ntchito kuti ateteze zinthu kwina - komanso mlandu womwe unabweretsedwa ku World Trade Organisation - pafupifupi zaka khumi pambuyo pake mtunduwu udakali padziko lonse lapansi. wopereka wamkulu.
Palibe chinthu ngati galimoto yogulitsidwa ku US kapena yopangidwa ku US yomwe ilibe maginito osowa kwambiri padziko lapansi kwinakwake pamsonkhano wake.
US sayenera kunyalanyaza kuthekera kwa China polimbana ndi nkhondo yamalonda, People's Daily idatero mkonzi Lachitatu lomwe lidagwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo chodziwika bwino chambiri pakulemera kwa cholinga cha China.
Ndemanga ya nyuzipepalayi inali ndi mawu osowa kwambiri a Chitchaina omwe amatanthauza "musanene kuti sindinakuchenjezeni." Mawu enieniwo adagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi pepala mu 1962 China isanayambe kumenyana ndi India, ndipo "odziwa bwino chilankhulo cha ku China amadziwa kulemera kwa mawuwa," nyuzipepala ya Global Times, yogwirizana ndi Chipani cha Communist Party, inatero m'nkhani. mu April. Anagwiritsidwanso ntchito nkhondo isanayambike pakati pa China ndi Vietnam mu 1979.
Padziko losowa makamaka, People's Daily idati sikovuta kuyankha funso ngati China idzagwiritsa ntchito zinthuzo ngati kubwezera pankhondo yamalonda. Zolemba mu Global Times ndi Shanghai Securities News zidatenganso zofanana m'mabuku awo Lachitatu.
China ikhoza kuwononga kwambiri mwa kufinya magineti ndi ma injini omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zinthuzo, anatero Jack Lifton, woyambitsa nawo bungwe la Technology Metals Research LLC, yemwe wakhala akugwira nawo ntchito zapadziko lapansi kuyambira 1962. ” adatero.
Mwachitsanzo, maginito osowa padziko lapansi okhazikika amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto ang'onoang'ono kapena majenereta mumatekinoloje ambiri, omwe tsopano ali ponseponse. M'galimoto, amalola ma wipers a windshield, mawindo amagetsi ndi chiwongolero cha mphamvu kuti agwire ntchito. Ndipo dziko la China limakhala ndi 95% ya zotulutsa padziko lonse lapansi, malinga ndi Industrial Minerals Co.
"Palibe chinthu ngati galimoto yogulitsidwa ku US kapena yopangidwa ku US yomwe ilibe maginito osowa padziko lapansi kwinakwake pamsonkhano wake," adatero Lifton. "Zingakhale zopindulitsa kwambiri kwa makampani ogula zida zamagetsi komanso makampani opanga magalimoto. Izi zikutanthauza makina ochapira, zotsukira, magalimoto. Mndandandawu ndi wopanda malire.
Kutoleredwa kwa zinthu 17, zomwe zimaphatikizapo neodymium, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu maginito, ndi ytrrium pazamagetsi, ndizochuluka kwambiri padziko lapansi, koma kuchulukitsitsa kocheperako sikumakhala kofala kuposa miyala ina. Pankhani ya kukonza, mphamvu ya China ili kale pafupi ndi zomwe zilipo padziko lonse lapansi, Kingsnorth adati, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti makampani akunja alowe ndikupikisana nawo.
Msika wosowa padziko lapansi ku China ukulamulidwa ndi opanga ochepa kuphatikiza China Northern Rare Earth Group, Minmetals Rare Earth Co., Xiamen Tungsten Co. ndi Chinalco Rare Earth & Metals Co.
Kulimbana kwa China ndikwamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti US idalumikizana ndi mayiko ena koyambirira kwa zaka khumi izi pamlandu wa World Trade Organisation kukakamiza dzikolo kuti litumize kunja kwambiri chifukwa chakusowa kwapadziko lonse lapansi. WTO inagamula mokomera America, pomwe mitengo idatsika pomwe opanga adatembenukira kuzinthu zina.
Mu Disembala 2017, a Trump adasaina lamulo loletsa kudalira dzikolo kuzinthu zakunja za mchere wofunikira, kuphatikiza ma rare earths, omwe cholinga chake chinali kuchepetsa kusatetezeka kwa US kuti apereke zosokoneza. Koma wakale wakale wamakampani a Lifton adati kusunthaku sikuchepetsa chiwopsezo cha dziko lino posachedwa.
"Ngakhale boma la US litanena kuti lipereka ndalama zothandizira, zingatenge zaka," adatero. "Simunganene kuti, 'Ndimanga mgodi, ndipanga malo olekanitsa, ndi maginito kapena zitsulo.' Muyenera kuzipanga, kuzimanga, kuziyesa, ndipo sizichitika m'mphindi zisanu. ”
Cerium: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatsa mtundu wachikasu pagalasi, monga chothandizira, ngati ufa wopukuta ndi kupanga miyala.
Praseodymium: Ma laser, kuwala kwa arc, maginito, chitsulo chamwala, komanso ngati utoto wagalasi, muzitsulo zamphamvu kwambiri zomwe zimapezeka mu injini za ndege ndi mwala woyatsira moto.
Neodymium: Ena mwa maginito amphamvu okhazikika omwe alipo; amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatsa mtundu wa violet ku galasi ndi zoumba, mu ma lasers, capacitor ndi ma disc amagetsi amagetsi.
Promethium: Chinthu chokhacho mwachilengedwe cha radioactive chosowa padziko lapansi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu utoto wowala komanso mabatire a nyukiliya.
Europium: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma phosphors ofiira ndi a buluu (zizindikiro pa zolemba za euro zomwe zimalepheretsa chinyengo,) mu lasers, mu fulorosenti.
Terbium: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu green phosphors, maginito, lasers, nyali fulorosenti, magnetostrictive alloys ndi sonar systems.
Ytrrium: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) lasers, ngati phosphor wofiira, mu superconductors, mu machubu a fulorosenti, mu ma LED komanso ngati chithandizo cha khansa.
Dysprosium: Maginito osapezeka padziko lapansi osatha; lasers ndi kuunikira malonda; ma disk olimba apakompyuta ndi zida zina zamagetsi; zida za nyukiliya ndi magalimoto amakono, osagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu
Holmium: Kugwiritsa ntchito ma lasers, maginito, ndi ma calibration a spectrophotometers angagwiritsidwe ntchito mu ndodo za nyukiliya ndi zida za microwave.
Erbium: Chitsulo cha Vanadium, ma laser a infrared ndi ma laser a fiberoptics, kuphatikiza ena omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazachipatala.
Thulium: Chimodzi mwazinthu zapadziko lapansi zosowa kwambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma lasers, nyali zachitsulo za halide ndi makina onyamula a X-ray.
Ytterbium: Ntchito zothandizira zaumoyo, kuphatikizapo mankhwala ena a khansa; zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri komanso kuyang'anira zotsatira za zivomezi, kuphulika.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-03-2019
